Active anti-ice coating, coating material and method

ABSTRACT

The disclosure herein provides an active anti-ice coating, which is capable of releasing an anti-ice agent, which includes anti-ice agent reservoirs, which are embedded in a UV curable matrix material, for providing an effective anti-ice coating with an active anti-ice agent release over a long period of time.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to co-pendingU.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/863,222, filed Jan. 5, 2018, whichis a continuation of and claims priority to PCT/EP2016/065710 filed Jul.4, 2016 which claims the benefit of and priority to European PatentApplication No. 15 175 504.8 filed Jul. 6, 2015, the entire disclosuresof which are herein incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure herein relates to an active anti-ice coating which iscapable of delivering or releasing an anti-ice agent. Furthermore, thedisclosure herein relates to a coating material for forming such ananti-ice coating, and a method for producing such an anti-ice coatingmaterial. Moreover, the disclosure herein relates to a method forproducing an anti-ice coating by such an anti-ice coating material, anda vehicle, an aircraft, a rotor or a wind power plant, which has asurface area provided with such an anti-ice coating.

BACKGROUND

With regard to the technological background and the prior art, referenceis made to WO 2012/003004 A2, US 2002/0139956 A1, U.S. Pat. No.8,647,709 B2, WO 2010/127981 A1, US 2011/0039066 A1, US 2012/0045954 A1,WO 2014/095112 A1 and US 2014/0127516 A1 and US 2012/0244287 A1. Thefollowing description is built on the knowledge base of these documents.

Fluid-dynamic bodies, which are operated under atmospheric conditions,as for example in the case of rotor blades of aircrafts or wind powerplants or fluid-dynamically active surfaces of aircrafts or the like,are at risk due to the formation of a layer of ice and the deteriorationof the fluid-dynamic properties resulting therefrom. It is thereforeknown to take protective measures for the protection of suchfluid-dynamic bodies against the formation of ice. A possible protectivemeasure consists in providing the respective surface areas with ananti-ice coating, which are at risk of developing ice. Most knownanti-ice coatings are passive, i.e. they show a certain inherenthydrophobic and ice-phobic property due to a large contact angle and/ora good water drip off behavior. However, a significant disadvantage ofthese purely passive anti-ice coatings is the relatively high risk of anicing under very cold conditions. Active anti-ice coatings areunderstood to be coatings, which are capable of delivering an anti-iceagent. Anti-ice agents are substances, compounds, mixtures or batcheswhich have a freezing point lowering property. Such active coatings mayavoid an icing also under cold conditions of minus 10° C. and below.

In the prior art, passive anti-ice properties for coatings may beobtained for instance by super hydrophobic polymers—see, for example, US2012/0045954 A1—or by surface structuring, for instance on thenanoscopic or microscopic level, as shown in WO 2014/095112 A1.

Active anti-ice coatings may be achieved with coatings, which areespecially capable of releasing anti-ice liquids—see, for example, US2012/0244287 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 8,647,709 B2 or US 2002/0139956 A1—oranti-ice proteins—see, for example, WO 2010/127981 A1 or US2011/00390066 A1.

A further example of an active anti-ice coating is the coating which iscommercially available from the company Microphase under the trade name“IcePhob ESL”.

Currently known active anti-ice coatings only show a low erosionresistance and a quick leaching of the active agent, as for example ananti-ice protein or an anti-ice liquid. As a result thereof the lifetimeof the coating is very limited and difficult to predict.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the present disclosure to provide an active anti-icecoating without the above-mentioned disadvantages.

The above object is realized with an active anti-ice coating, a coatingmaterial and a production method according to the disclosure herein.

Advantageous uses of a coating which is producible in this way are alsodisclosed herein.

According to a first aspect, the disclosure herein provides an activeanti-ice coating which is capable of releasing or delivering an anti-iceagent, characterized by or comprising anti-ice agent reservoirs whichare embedded or trapped or captured in a UV curable matrix material.

It is preferred that the anti-ice coating comprises 3 to 20% by weight,more preferably 5 to 20% by weight of an anti-ice liquid as the anti-iceagent.

In a preferred embodiment the anti-ice liquid may comprise 1 to 25%(based on the mass of the anti-ice liquid) of copolymer surfactants,relative to the UV curable matrix.

It is preferred that the UV curable matrix material comprises:

-   -   60-80% by weight of polyurethane diacrylates; and    -   20-40% by weight of monomers,

wherein, based on the total mass of polyurethane diacrylates andmonomers,

-   -   0.5-5% by weight of photoinitiators, and    -   0-2% by weight of additives

are provided.

The polyurethane diacrylates (PUAs) may be present as one sort of apolyurethane diacrylate or as a mixture of PUAs.

Furthermore, one sort of a monomer or a mixture of monomers may beprovided.

In a preferred embodiment a combination of an anti-ice liquid phase witha liquid UV-curable matrix phase leads to the formation of a non-aqueousemulsion which is stabilized by a copolymer. A UV curing of this systemleads to a solid matrix coating with dispersed anti-ice fluid.

It is preferred that the anti-ice agent reservoirs which are embedded,captured or trapped in the matrix material are formed from a or with afurther UV curable material. Preferably anti-ice agent reservoirs areprovided which have an anti-ice liquid trapped or captured in a UVcurable material or in UV curable materials. According to one embodimentan anti-ice liquid is trapped in a UV curable network, which will bereferred to as glycogel in the following.

According to a further aspect the disclosure herein provides a coatingmaterial for forming an anti-ice coating comprising a non-aqueousphotopolymerizable emulsion with a liquid photopolymerizable matrixmaterial as a first phase and a photopolymerizable gel, which containsanti-ice liquid, as a second phase.

It is preferred that the second phase contains block copolymersurfactants. Preferably, the second phase is built-up on the basis ofPEG. More preferably, the second phase contains PEG and photoinitiators.

According to a further aspect the disclosure herein relates to a methodof producing an anti-ice coating material for forming an anti-icecoating comprising:

a) providing a liquid photopolymerizable matrix material,

b) providing an anti-ice agent and

c) introducing the anti-ice agent into the liquid photopolymerizablematrix material.

It is preferred that step a) comprises providing the matrix materialsuch that it makes up 80 to 97% by weight, more preferably 80-95% byweight of the anti-ice coating material.

Preferably, step a) comprises providing a matrix material containing:

60-80% by weight of polyurethane diacrylates; and

20 -40% by weight of monomers,

-   -   wherein, based on the total weight of polyurethane diacrylate        and monomers,

0.5-5% by weight of photoinitiators, and

0-2% by weight of additives are provided or added.

The polyurethane diacrylates (PUAs) may be one sort of polyurethanediacrylate or a mixture of PUAs.

Furthermore, also one sort of monomer or a mixture of monomers may beprovided.

It is preferred that step b) comprises providing a UV curable gelforming material.

It is preferred that step b) comprises providing an anti-ice liquid.

It is preferred that step b) comprises synthesizing a UV curable gelwhich contains, traps or encapsulates anti-ice liquid.

It is preferred that a matrix material containing 80-95% by weight ofpolyurethane acrylates and monomers, 0.5-5% by weight of photoinitiatorsand 0-2% by weight of additives is provided.

It is preferred that the amount of anti-ice liquid in the anti-ice agentas for example in a non-aqueous gel is 80-90% by weight. Advantageously,80-90% by weight of anti-ice liquid, as for example ethylene glycol(EG), and 10-20% by weight of UV curable monomers are used for forming agel.

It is preferred that a UV curable glycogel (especially on PEG basis)with anti-ice liquid as anti-ice agent is formed which is captured ortrapped by surfactants.

A preferred embodiment of the method contains: forming aphotopolymerizable non-aqueous emulsion with a photopolymerizable liquidmatrix material as a first phase and a photopolymerizable gel materialas a second phase, in which an anti-ice liquid is embedded or trapped.

Preferably, 10-20% by weight of the gel and 80-90% by weight of thematrix material are used for forming the emulsion.

According to a further aspect the disclosure herein relates to a methodfor producing an anti-ice coating comprising: carrying out the methodfor producing the coating material according to one of the precedingembodiments for providing coating material or for providing a coatingmaterial, as specified further above according to one of the preferredembodiments, and applying the coating material on a surface to be coatedand UV curing the coating material.

According to a further aspect the disclosure herein relates to avehicle, an aircraft or a rotor or wind energy plant comprising asurface area which is coated with such an anti-ice coating.

A particular aspect of the disclosure herein relates to UV curabletwo-phase anti-ice coatings and method for producing the same.

A preferred embodiment is based on a photopolymerizable, non-aqueousemulsion, wherein the matrix phase is built up from a photopolymerizablesystem—as for example radical, cationic and/or hybrid systems—and thedispersed part is built up from UV curable reservoir systems whichcontain anti-ice liquids. The coatings which are developed from suchnon-aqueous emulsions lead to good anti-ice properties and good impactresistant properties. The active agent is trapped, captured orencapsulated, such that a too quick release or delivery is limited andsuch that the agents do not reduce the mechanical properties of thecoatings.

One advantage of the coating according to the disclosure herein is thecombination of smart active anti-ice capabilities with a high erosionresistance.

The UV-curable reservoir coatings, which have been developed from suchtwo-phase systems, have further advantages of a progressive release ofanti-ice liquids, which guarantees the anti-ice properties over a longperiod of time. Apart from this advantage of a sustained and controlledrelease there is the further advantage that the choice of anti-ice agentis much broader than in the case of conventional coatings due to thefact that the coating matrix itself is only partially in contact withthe ice suppressing additive. It may be noted as a positive side effectthat the erosion resistance of the coatings according to the disclosureherein is much higher than in the case of the currently commerciallyavailable coatings. The improved anti-ice properties and deicingproperties and the increase of the erosion resistance have beenconfirmed in laboratory tests and in ice wind tunnel tests on a smallerscale and in erosion tests.

Multiphase photocurable coatings with anti-ice, anti-erosion and impactresistance properties have been developed, which are based on anenvironmentally friendly non-aqueous emulsion. The coatings have beendesigned and formulations have been produced and applied to aluminumpanels. Wind tunnel tests on a laboratory scale have been carried out.In doing so, first coating formulations for anti-ice tests showedpromising anti-ice properties. The coating material may be used likeother UV curable coatings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Hereinafter embodiments of the disclosure herein will be illustrated bythe corresponding, example drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a method for producing a UVcurable anti-ice coating;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a first step of a further methodfor producing a UV curable anti-ice coating, wherein FIG. 2 shows aprocedure for synthesizing a glycogel, in which an anti freezing liquidis trapped in a UV curable matrix;

FIG. 3 is a second step of the further production method;

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a production of an activeanti-ice coating from the coating material which has been producedaccording to FIG. 3 with an enlarged representation of an anti-ice agentreservoir;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged representation of the anti-ice agent reservoir;

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an active anti-ice coating,which has been produced according to the method of FIG. 2 to FIG. 5,with an enlarged representation of an anti-ice agent reservoir; and

FIG. 7 is an enlarged representation of a smaller part of the activeanti-ice coating.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following the production of a first generation of biphasic UVcurable anti-ice coating 14 is described by the representation inFIG. 1. The production starts with 80 to 97% by weight of a firstcomponent A and 3 to 20% by weight of a second component B, which arecombined by copolymer CP to a coating material 10 for forming an activeanti-ice coating 12.

As a first component in particular a liquid UV curable coating material14 is used. An anti-ice liquid 16 having a freezing point loweringproperty is used for forming the second component B.

Examples for possible anti-ice liquids 16 are described in US2014/0127516 A1, [0058].

Component B additionally contains 5 to 20% by weight of the copolymersCP (based on the mass of B).

According to a preferred embodiment a photo-induced curing liquid of 60to 80% by weight of PUA (polyurethane diacrylate) and 20 to 40% byweight of monomers is used as the first component A. 0.5 to 5% by weight(based on the total mass of PUA and monomers) of photoinitiators andoptionally 0 to 2% by weight (based on the total mass of PUA andmonomers) of additives are added to the first component.

As a result an emulsion 18 of a first component A as a matrix material20 and an anti-ice liquid 16 as component B which is dispersed thereinis obtained. The emulsion 18 of matrix material 20 and anti-ice liquid16 dispersed therein represents a liquid UV curable formulation 22.Applying 24 the formulation 22 and using UV light for UV curing 26results in the active anti-ice coating 12 on a substrate 28. Surfaceareas of vehicles and aircrafts, of rotors and wind energy plants or thesame may serve as a substrate 28.

The active anti-ice coating 12 has anti-ice agent reservoirs 30 whichare embedded in the UV curable matrix material 20. The anti-ice liquid16 is located in the anti-ice agent reservoirs. The anti-ice agentreservoirs 30 release the anti-ice liquid 16 on the surface of theanti-ice coating 12. Upon erosion of the active anti-ice coating 12again and again new anti-ice reservoirs 30 are exposed.

The presence of the anti-ice liquid 16 on the surface of the anti-icecoating 12 leads to the prevention or the delay of the formation of ice.

In the following a method for producing a second generation of abiphasic UV curable coating based on UV glycogel 40 is illustrated inmore detail by the representation in FIGS. 2 to 4. The method comprisestwo steps. A first step is indicated in FIG. 2, while a second step isshown in FIG. 3.

The first step relates to the synthesis of a UV glycogel 40. The secondstep relates to the dispersion of the UV glycogel 40 in the UV curableformulation of the first component A.

As is apparent from FIG. 2, the first step of forming the UV glycogel 40starts with a third component C and a fourth component D, which arecombined by copolymer CP and UV application to the UV glycogel 40.

UV curable monomers, for example based on polyethylene glycol (PEG),serve as third compound C.

The desired anti-ice liquid 16 is used as component D. In one exampleethylene glycol (EG) is used. Further examples of possible anti-iceliquids 16 are described in US 2014/0127516 A1, [0058].

The weight of the glycogel comprises exemplary amounts of the thirdcomponent D (ice liquid 16) in the range from 80 to 95%, preferably 80to 90%, and of the fourth component C (UV curable monomers) in the rangefrom 5 to 20%, preferably 10 to 20%.

The application of UV light 42 to the mixture of the third component Cand the fourth component D leads to the formation of the UV glycogel 40with anti-ice liquid 16 captured or trapped therein. This UV glycogel 40forms a fifth component E which is applied in the second step, whichwill be hereinafter illustrated in more detail by FIG. 3. The fifthcomponent E is an example for an anti-ice agent.

In this second step an emulsion 18 is formed from the first componentA—as specified further above—and the fifth component E (UV glycogel 40).As an example, 10 to 20% by weight are admixed in 80 to 90% by weight ofthe component A, based on the total mass of the emulsion 18.

In the emulsion 18 according to FIG. 3 the UV glycogel 40 and theanti-ice liquid 16 captured therein are dispersed in the still liquid UVcurable matrix material 20.

The emulsion 18 represents the coating material 10, and the activeanti-ice coating 12 is obtainable by applying 24 the emulsion 18 and UVcuring 26. The first component A makes up 80 to 90% by weight of theemulsion 18. A liquid UV curable coating serves as a first component A,for example with a composition of 60 to 80% by weight of PUA, 20 to 40%by weight of monomers. 0.5 to 5% by weight of photoinitiators and 0 to2% by weight of additives are added to this first component A based onthe total amount of PUA and monomers.

In different embodiments the fifth component E may be dispersed in theemulsion 18 in a weight amount of 10 to 20%. The fifth component E isformed in particular by the UV glycogel 40 with anti-ice liquid 16trapped therein.

In an example the fifth component E is made of acrylate monomers fromthe component C, to which photoinitiators and eventually additives maybe added, and anti-ice liquid from the component D.

The coating material 10, which is present as emulsion 18, then forms aliquid UV curable formulation 22, which turns into the active anti-icecoating 12 on the substrate 28 upon its application 24 and UV curing 26.

In the UV glycogel 40 the anti-ice liquid 16 is also captured or trappedin a UV curable matrix.

Thus, the finished product of an anti-ice coating 12 comprises theanti-ice agent reservoirs 30 with anti-ice liquid 16 trapped or capturedin matrix material 20, 40, in order to release anti-ice liquid 16 on thesurface.

FIGS. 4 and 5 show an enlarged representation of the anti-ice agentreservoirs 30. Inside there are the anti-ice liquid 16 and monomers,which on the outside are linked to the matrix material 20 by copolymerCP.

Thus, in the finished anti-ice coating 12 the UV cured matrix materialof the first component A with an anti freezing phase 44 embedded thereinis provided. In one embodiment this anti freezing phase 44, which formsthe anti-ice agent reservoirs 30, comprises 1 to 20% by weight ofanti-ice liquid, 16.0 to 20% of monomers and 0 to 5% of photoinitiatorsand copolymer surfactants.

An active anti-ice coating 12 with excellent erosion resistance andencapsulated anti-ice agent reservoirs 30 is thus obtained, whichenables a sustained continuing release of anti-ice liquid 16 during theuse of the anti-ice coating 12.

In the following specific examples of UV curable coating materials forforming an anti-ice coating are given, which are obtained with one ofthe above illustrated production methods.

EXAMPLE 1

A UV curable first matrix I with the following composition is producedas component A:

PUA-UVU 9321HD12 from the company Polymer 58% Technology Photomer 4172Ffrom the company Cognis 20% Bisomer PEA6 from the company Cognis 10% SR268US from the company Sartomer 10% TPO (Pi) photoinitiator from thecompany BASF  2%

From this a coating material with the following composition is producedaccording to the above-mentioned method of the first generation:

UV curable first matrix I 89.3% copolymer surfactants  1.8% ethyleneglycol  8.9%

EXAMPLE 2

A UV curable second matrix II with the following composition is producedas component A:

UVP 6021-HD15 4 from the company Ssunin 77.2% SR 355 from the companyArkema  8.7% Si. acrylate A from the company Bluestar  2.3% Butyleacrylate monomers from the company Aldrich   10% Chivacure 173 from thecompany Chitec  1.8%

From this a coating material with the following composition is producedaccording to the above-mentioned method of the first generation:

UV curable second matrix II 89.3% copolymer surfactants  1.8% ethyleneglycol  8.9%

EXAMPLE 3

A UV curable third matrix III with the following composition is producedas component A:

UVP 6021-HD15 from the company Ssunin 88% SR 355 from the company Arkema10% Chivacure 173 from the company Chitec  2%

From this a coating material with the following composition is producedaccording to the above-mentioned method of the first generation:

UV curable third matrix III 87.5% copolymer surfactants  2.5% ethyleneglycol   10%

In the examples ethylene glycol is used as the anti-ice liquid which isembedded in the UV curable matrix.

In tests the coating material of example 1 has shown the lowest iceadhesion value; the examples 2 and 3 also showed promising results.

The method of the second generation as described further above differsfrom the above-mentioned examples additionally in that the anti-iceliquid is first captured in a UV polymerizable gel and that this mixture(instead of the anti-ice liquid in examples 1 to 3) and the matrix arethe processed to an emulsion.

In the following specific examples for the second generation areillustrated in more detail.

EXAMPLE 4

A glycogel (designated as glycogel 131) with the following compositionis synthesized as component E:

SR610 from the company Arkema 1.96% Bisomer PEA from the company GEOSpeciality 7.84% Chemicals Irgacure 2959 from the company BASF  0.2%ethylene glycol   90%

The substances are mixed and submitted to a UV irradiation with a UVdose of 5,000 mJ for the fusion or the gel formation for producing theglycogel.

A UV curable fourth matrix IV with the following composition is producedas component A:

PUA-UVU 9321HD12 from the company Polymer 58% Technology Photomer 4172Ffrom the company Cognis 20% Bisomer PEA6 from the company Cognis 10% SR268US from the company Sartomer 10% Chivacure 173 from the companyChitec  2%

Then an emulsion with the following composition is produced from thematrix IV and glycogel 131 (components A and E):

UV curable matrix IV 88.2% copolymer surfactant   2% Glycogel 131  8.9%

EXAMPLE 5

A glycogel (designated as Glycogel 121) with the following compositionis synthesized as component E:

SR344 from the company Arkema   2% Bisomer PEA from the company GEOSpeciality 7.8% Chemicals Irgacure 2959 from the company BASF 0.2% EG(ethylene glycol)  90%

The substances are mixed and submitted to a UV irradiation with a UVdose of 1,000 mJ for the fusion or the gel formation for producing theglycogel.

A UV curable fifth matrix V with the following composition is producedas component A:

UVP 6021-HD15 4 from the company Ssunin 88% SR 355 from the companyArkema 10% Chivacure 173 from the company Chitec  2%

Then an emulsion with the following composition is produced from matrixV and Glycogel 131 (components A and E):

UV curable matrix V 88.2% copolymer surfactant   2% Glycogel 121  8.9%

The UV curing fusion in examples 4 and 5 was carried out with an “Arcbulb LC6B Benchtop Conveyor”.

While at least one exemplary embodiment of the invention(s) is disclosedherein, it should be understood that modifications, substitutions andalternatives may be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and canbe made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Thisdisclosure is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of theexemplary embodiment(s). In addition, in this disclosure, the terms“comprise” or “comprising” do not exclude other elements or steps, theterms “a”, “an” or “one” do not exclude a plural number, and the term“or” means either or both. Furthermore, characteristics or steps whichhave been described may also be used in combination with othercharacteristics or steps and in any order unless the disclosure orcontext suggests otherwise. This disclosure hereby incorporates byreference the complete disclosure of any patent or application fromwhich it claims benefit or priority.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

-   A first component-   B second component-   C third component-   D fourth component-   E fifth component-   CP copolymer-   10 coating material-   12 active anti-ice coating-   14 liquid UV hardable coating-   16 anti-ice liquid-   18 emulsion-   20 matrix material-   22 liquid UV curable coating-   24 Applying-   26 UV curing-   28 substrate-   30 anti-ice agent reservoir-   40 UV glycogel-   42 UV application-   44 anti freezing phase

1-14. (canceled)
 15. An active anti-ice coating for releasing ananti-ice agent comprising an anti-ice liquid, wherein the anti-icecoating comprises a plurality of anti-ice agent reservoirs, wherein eachof the plurality of anti-ice agent reservoirs are embedded in a solidphotopolymerized matrix material, further wherein each of the anti-iceagent reservoirs comprises the anti-ice liquid, and wherein the anti-iceliquid is immiscible in a liquid photopolymerizable matrix materialpolymerized to provide the solid photopolymerized matrix material. 16.The active anti-ice coating according to claim 15, wherein the anti-icecoating comprises 3 to 20% by weight or 5 to 20% by weight of theanti-ice liquid.
 17. The active anti-ice coating according to claim 15,wherein the photopolymerizable matrix material photopolymerized toprovide the solid photopolymerized matrix material comprises: 60-80% byweight polyurethane diacrylates; and 20-40% by weight monomers; furthercomprising, based on a total mass of polyurethane diacrylates andmonomers: 0.5-5% by weight photoinitiators, and 0-2% by weightadditives.
 18. The active anti-ice coating according to claim 15,wherein the anti-ice liquid is ethylene glycol.
 19. An active anti-icecoating for releasing an anti-ice agent comprising an anti-ice liquid,wherein the anti-ice coating comprises a plurality of anti-ice agentreservoirs, wherein each of the plurality of anti-ice agent reservoirsare embedded in a solid, hydrophobic photopolymerized matrix material,further wherein each of the anti-ice agent reservoirs comprises theanti-ice liquid and wherein the anti-ice liquid is hydrophilic.
 20. Theactive anti-ice coating according to claim 19, wherein the anti-iceliquid is ethylene glycol.
 21. The active anti-ice coating according toclaim 19, wherein the solid, hydrophobic photopolymerized matrixmaterial is a reaction product of a hydrophobic liquidphotopolymerizable matrix material.
 22. The active anti-ice coatingaccording to claim 21, wherein the hydrophobic, liquidphotopolymerizable matrix material comprises: 60-80% by weightpolyurethane diacrylates; and 20-40% by weight monomers; furthercomprising, based on a total mass of polyurethane diacrylates andmonomers: 0.5-5% by weight photoinitiators, and 0-2% by weightadditives.
 23. An active anti-ice coating for releasing an anti-iceagent comprising an anti-ice liquid, wherein the anti-ice liquid has afreezing point lower property, and wherein the anti-ice coatingcomprises a plurality of anti-ice agent reservoirs embedded in a solidphotopolymerized matrix material, wherein the solid photopolymerizedmatrix material is a reaction product of polyurethane diacrylates,monomers, and photoinitiators, and further wherein each of the anti-iceagent reservoirs comprises the anti-ice liquid.
 24. The active anti-icecoating according to claim 23, wherein the solid photopolymerized matrixmaterial is the reaction product of a mixture comprising: 60-80% byweight polyurethane diacrylates; and 20-40% by weight monomers; furthercomprising, based on a total mass of polyurethane diacrylates andmonomers: 0.5-5% by weight photoinitiators, and 0-2% by weight ofadditives.
 25. The active anti-ice coating according to claim 23,comprising 3 to 20% by weight or 5 to 20% by weight of the anti-iceliquid.
 26. A method for producing an anti-ice coating material forforming an anti-ice coating, the method comprising: (a) providing aliquid photopolymerizable matrix material; (b) providing an anti-iceagent, wherein the anti-ice agent comprises an anti-ice liquid; and (c)introducing the anti-ice agent into the liquid photopolymerizable matrixmaterial to form a non-aqueous emulsion comprising a first phasecomprising the liquid photopolymerizable matrix material and a secondphase comprising the anti-ice liquid.
 27. The method according to claim26, where providing a liquid photopolymerizable matrix materialcomprises at least one or more of: (a1) providing the matrix materialsuch that the matrix material constitutes 80-97% by weight of theanti-ice coating; and/or (a2) providing a matrix material containing:60-80% by weight of polyurethane diacrylate; and 20-40% by weight ofmonomers; further containing, based on a total weight of polyurethanediacrylate and monomers, 0.5-5% by weight photoinitiators, and 0-2% byweight additives.
 28. The method according to claim 26, wherein theanti-ice liquid is ethylene glycol.
 29. The method according to claim26, wherein the non-aqueous emulsion is stabilized with a copolymer. 30.A method for producing an anti-ice coating, the method comprising: (a)providing a liquid photopolymerizable matrix material; (b) providing ananti-ice agent, wherein the anti-ice agent comprises an anti-ice liquid;(c) introducing the anti-ice agent into the liquid photopolymerizablematrix material to form an anti-ice coating material comprising anon-aqueous emulsion, wherein said non-aqueous emulsion comprises afirst phase comprising the liquid photopolymerizable matrix material anda second phase comprising the anti-ice liquid; and (d) applying theanti-ice coating material to a surface area and photopolymerizing theanti-ice coating material; thereby producing an anti-ice coating. 31.The method according to claim 30, wherein the surface area is a surfacearea of a vehicle, an aircraft, a rotor, or a wind energy plant.
 32. Avehicle, aircraft, rotor or wind energy plant comprising a surface areawhich is at least partly provided with an anti-ice coating according toclaim
 15. 33. A vehicle, aircraft, rotor or wind energy plant comprisinga surface area which is at least partly provided with an anti-icecoating according to claim
 19. 34. A vehicle, aircraft, rotor or windenergy plant comprising a surface area which is at least partly providedwith an anti-ice coating according to claim 23.